Fill in the blanks 1. Artificial classification system was proposed by __________.

2. Artificial classification is based on superficial __________ characters.

3. Habit, colour and leaf shape are examples of __________ characters.

4. Vegetative characters are easily influenced by the __________.

5. Natural classification system is based on natural __________ among organisms.

6. Internal structure of plants is studied under __________.

7. The natural classification system was developed by George Bentham and __________.

8. Phylogenetic classification is based on __________ relationships.

9. Organisms belonging to the same taxon share a common __________.

10. The most accepted modern classification system is the __________ classification system.

11. Numerical taxonomy uses __________ for classification.

12. In numerical taxonomy, characters are assigned __________ and codes.

13. In numerical taxonomy, every character is given __________ importance.

14. Cytotaxonomy is based on __________ information.

15. Chromosome number, structure and behaviour are studied in __________.

16. Chemotaxonomy is based on __________ constituents of plants.

17. Chemotaxonomy helps resolve __________ confusion.

18. Modern classification mainly depends on __________ relationships.

19. Artificial systems use only a few __________ characters.

20. Natural systems consider many __________ features.

21. Ultrastructure and embryology are considered in __________ classification.

22. Numerical taxonomy can analyse __________ of characters simultaneously.

23. Cytotaxonomy mainly studies __________.

24. Chemotaxonomy uses plant __________ for classification.

25. Reproductive characters are generally more reliable than __________ characters.

Short QAs

1. What is an artificial classification system?

2. Who proposed the artificial classification system?

3. Name two characters used in artificial classification.

4. Why are vegetative characters less reliable?

5. What is a natural classification system?

6. Name the scientists associated with natural classification.

7. What is the advantage of natural classification?

8. Which features are considered in natural classification?

9. What is phylogenetic classification?

10. What is the main idea of phylogenetic classification?

11. Which classification system is most accepted today?

12. What is numerical taxonomy?

13. How are characters treated in numerical taxonomy?

14. What is cytotaxonomy?

15. Which data are used in cytotaxonomy?

16. What is chemotaxonomy?

17. How does chemotaxonomy help?

18. Why is modern classification considered scientific?

19. What is meant by natural affinities?

20. Why is phylogenetic classification preferred?
MCQs

Kingdom Plantae and Classification

1. The five kingdom classification system was proposed by:
A. Carl Linnaeus B. Robert Whittaker C. Charles Darwin D. George Bentham

2. Which of the following organisms are no longer included in Kingdom Plantae?
A. Bryophytes B. Gymnosperms C. Fungi D. Angiosperms

3. Cyanobacteria are now placed under:
A. Plantae B. Fungi C. Monera D. Protista

4. Which group is included in Kingdom Plantae?
A. Monera B. Protozoa C. Bryophytes D. Fungi

5. Artificial classification systems were mainly based on:
A. Evolutionary relationships B. Fossil records C. Superficial morphological characters D. Chemical constituents

6. The artificial system of classification given by Carl Linnaeus was mainly based on:
A. Root structure B. Androecium structure C. Embryology D. Cytology

7. Vegetative characters are considered less reliable because they are:
A. Difficult to observe B. Constant in all conditions C. Easily affected by environment D. Found only in angiosperms

8. Natural classification systems consider
: A. Only flower colour B. Only vegetative characters C. Natural affinities among organisms D. Only habitat

9. Which scientists proposed a natural classification system for flowering plants?
A. Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel B. George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker C. Carl Linnaeus and Whittaker D. Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur

10. Phylogenetic classification is based on:
A. Leaf size B. Evolutionary relationships C. Plant height D. Economic importance

11. Organisms belonging to the same taxa are believed to have:
A. Same colour B. Same habitat C. Common ancestor D. Same size

12. Numerical taxonomy uses:
A. Chemical tests only B. Computer-based analysis C. Fossil evidence only D. Flower colour only

13. In numerical taxonomy, each character is given:
A. Unequal importance B. No importance C. Equal importance D. Random importance

14. Cytotaxonomy is based on:
A. Chemical constituents B. Cytological information C. Ecological factors D. Geographical distribution

15. Chemotaxonomy uses:
A. Chromosome number B. Embryological evidence C. Chemical constituents of plants D. Fossil records

16. Which of the following is NOT included in Plantae?
A. Algae B. Bryophytes C. Pteridophytes D. Cyanobacteria

17. The modern accepted classification system is:
A. Artificial system B. Natural system C. Phylogenetic system D. Morphological system

18. Which branch uses chromosome number and behaviour for classification?
A. Chemotaxonomy B. Cytotaxonomy C. Numerical taxonomy D. Morphology

19. Numerical taxonomy can analyse:
A. Only one character at a time B. Only reproductive characters C. Hundreds of characters simultaneously D. Only anatomical features

20. Which of the following is a limitation of artificial classification?
A. Uses evolutionary relationships B. Considers anatomy and embryology C. Separates closely related species D. Uses chromosome studies

MCQs.02.01